Industrial Symbiosis

Industrial symbiosis is a form of inter-firm collaboration where the waste, by-products, energy, or resources of one company become inputs for another. Modelled on natural ecosystems where nothing is wasted, industrial symbiosis networks reduce landfill waste, cut virgin resource consumption, and lower costs for participating businesses. The Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park in Denmark is the most famous example, where companies have exchanged materials and energy since the 1970s.