Scope 1, 2, 3 Emissions
A classification system for greenhouse gas emissions: Scope 1 (direct), Scope 2 (indirect from energy), and Scope 3 (all other indirect emissions in the value chain).
Reporting & ComplianceThe GHG Protocol classifies greenhouse gas emissions into three scopes to help organizations understand and manage their carbon impact.
Scope 1 - Direct Emissions
Emissions from sources owned or controlled by the organization:
- Fuel combustion in company vehicles
- On-site manufacturing processes
- Fugitive emissions (e.g., refrigerant leaks)
Scope 2 - Indirect Energy Emissions
Emissions from the generation of purchased energy:
- Electricity consumption
- Purchased heating and cooling
- Steam generation
Scope 3 - Value Chain Emissions
All other indirect emissions, typically the largest share (often 70–90% of total):
- Business travel and employee commuting
- Purchased goods and services
- Transportation and distribution
- Use of sold products
- End-of-life treatment of sold products
Career Relevance
Understanding scope emissions is essential for roles in carbon accounting, ESG reporting, and sustainability consulting. The EU’s CSRD requires companies to report across all three scopes.